Definition and History of Cathode Ray

Definition and History of Cathode Ray A cathode ray is a beam of electrons  in a vacuum tube traveling from the negatively charged electrode (cathode) at one end to the positively charged electrode (anode) at the other, across a voltage difference between the electrodes. They are also called electron beams. How Cathode Rays Works The electrode at the negative end is called a cathode. The electrode at the positive end is called an anode. Since electrons are repelled by the negative charge, the cathode is seen as the source of the cathode ray in the vacuum chamber. Electrons are attracted to the anode and travel in straight lines across the space between the two electrodes. Cathode rays are invisible but their effect is to excite atoms in the glass opposite of the cathode, by the anode. They travel at high speed when voltage is applied to the electrodes and some bypass the anode to strike the glass. This causes atoms in the glass to be raised to a higher energy level, producing a fluorescent glow. This fluorescence can be enhanced by applying fluorescent chemicals to the back wall of the tube. An object placed in the tube will cast a shadow, showing that the electrons stream in a straight line, a ray. Cathode rays can be deflected by an electric field, which is evidence of it being composed of electron particles rather than photons. The rays of electrons can also pass through thin metal foil. However, cathode rays also exhibit wave-like characteristics in crystal lattice experiments. A wire between the anode and the cathode can return the electrons to the cathode, completing an electrical circuit. Cathode ray tubes were the basis for radio and television broadcasting. Television sets and computer monitors before the debut of plasma, LCD, and OLED screens were cathode ray tubes (CRTs). History of Cathode Rays With the 1650 invention of the vacuum pump, scientists were able to study the effects of different material in vacuums, and soon they were studying  electricity  in a vacuum. It was recorded as early as 1705 that in vacuums (or near vacuums) electrical discharges could travel a larger distance. Such phenomena became popular as novelties, and even reputable physicists such as Michael Faraday studied the effects of them. Johann Hittorf discovered cathode rays in 1869 using a Crookes tube and noting  shadows cast on the glowing wall of the tube opposite of the cathode. In 1897 J. J. Thomson discovered that the mass of the particles in cathode rays was 1800 times lighter than hydrogen, the lightest element. This was the first discovery of subatomic particles, which came to be called electrons. He received the 1906 Nobel Prize in Physics for this work. In the late 1800s, physicist Phillip von Lenard studied the cathode rays intently and his work with them earned him the 1905 Nobel Prize in Physics. The most popular commercial application of cathode ray technology is in the form of traditional television sets and computer monitors, although these are being supplanted by newer displays such as OLED.

Personal Philosophy of Nursing Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Philosophy of Nursing - Personal Statement Example Additionally, I worked as a nurse as I studied. The experience gained through practice has made me recognize numerous programs that are essential in preparation of patients towards medication services. In addition to taught skills, I have acquired extra knowledge that has enhanced my nursing expertise. For instance, education and practice have equipped me with clinical leadership and professional research skills. These are vital skills in the nursing profession and healthcare provision (Sharon, 2003). I have also acquired exceptional abilities and skills in the design, organization, and implementation of goals and objectives in healthcare provision. These skills focus primarily on the provision of nursing services to patients. Furthermore, nursing profession has directed my scientific and artistic expertise towards qualitative and quantitative provision of healthcare. The expertise and experience acquired within the 20 year-period has broadened my knowledge in nursing practice. Howev er, it is vital for me to highlight my career objectives and mission in the nursing profession. Therefore, this essay aims to explain my future career objectives and mission in the nursing profession. Moreover, it aims to support my philosophical dispositions in primary healthcare provision. Harmlessness Essentially, it is crucial to note that there should never be harm in the provision of primary healthcare and nursing services. ... Therefore, it is my obligation as a nurse to exercise absolute care towards my clients’ well-being. Notably, the attitude towards the public and clients should be warm and caring. It is appropriate to assess the conditions of clients through the establishment of all issues that relate to human beings. For instance, it is vital to communicate with patients appropriately. This can only be achieved through proper channeling of messages to be communicated to patients (Sharon, 2003). Nurses are expected to conduct therapeutic procedures required to identify conditions that need stabilization. They are expected to examine the outcomes of therapeutic actions in order to accomplish the goals of enhancement of well-being of clients. Over the years of nursing practice, I have learnt that delivery of healthcare is in itself a cause of death in many countries. The delivery of healthcare services is sometimes enshrined with the possibility of human error that can result into death. Errors can result from both commission and omission because of loopholes in redress of conditions that can be treated and solved. Injuries and eventual deaths can occur because of such blunders (Philips and Bredder, 2002). Nosocomial infections are likely to occur in hospitals in cases where health practitioners do not disinfect and clean their hands before handling patients. Therefore, the safety of patients is essential in hospitals. The protection of patients requires maintenance of basic safety standards. Several researches have indicated that errors in the prescription of medication increase the number of fatalities in hospitals (Swanson, 1993). Data have shown

Korean Art History Research Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Korean Art History Research Paper - Essay Example Ikutaro (9) states that the Bottle Vase is believed to have been developed in the period between the 918- 1392 by the Goryeo dynasty of Korea. The ceramic is in the shape of a wheel-thrown stoneware that has incised and slip filled beautification and green contemplation. The work represents the autonomy of the Korean arts industry and the progressive developed from the ancient to present days. From this ceramic, it can be observed that the Korean culture is gifted with talented artists of all times. The ceramic was developed several centuries ago but remains attractive up to the present days. The silvery color of the ceramic together with the flowery carvings makes the ceramic quite unique. The flowers decorating the ceramic are a symbol of the Korean rich natural and user friendly environment. In essence the flowers represent the beauty of natural resources that are found in Korea. The mouth of the ceramic is coated with a shiny cup. The shiny top covering can be described to mean a bright future for the art industry. The neck of the ceramic is narrow and bulges outwards on reaching the central body. Moreover, the neck of the ceramic is upright or straight. The Bottle vase has a flat bottomed base that enhances stability and gives the piece of art a notable point of view. An analysis of the artistic style used to develop the ceramic reveals that the art is a blend of the ancient and modern technology. For instance, the flower decorations on the sides of the ceramic is an indication that at the time of developing the ceramic civilizations had started taking roots.

What Do Responsible and Irresponsible Mean Essay

What Do Responsible and Irresponsible Mean - Essay Example As the paper declares an unreliable person who is negligent towards his duties and does not finish them accordingly is considered to be irresponsible. Responsibility is not restricted to one particular aspect but it rather plays a role in all the activities performed by a human being in his everyday life and a perfect standard of life can only be achieved by being responsible. From this discussion it is clear that the higher a position that a person acquires in the society, the burden of his responsibilities increases even more. A perfect example can be that of the heads of our states because they are accountable for everything that happens in the country and their responsibilities are not restricted to one area but rather they encompass the entire country. This responsibility is clearly associated with the management of people and the tasks that one has to perform. But apart from these obvious duties there are certain duties that own has towards the society. The norms that have been decided for the society teach a person about these responsibilities that he has towards it. A responsible human being will look into all aspects which include the leading of a moral and ethical life because he owes this responsibility to his Lord. Thus almost every activity that we perform is a reflection of our responmsible character. Irresponsible as the name implies runs on the opposite track to being responsible. An irresponsible nature is acquired by a person either intentionally or without intention. A person who knows that certain duties are important and should be performed but he still neglects them shows an intentional irresponsible character of a person. On the other hand a person does not even work to understand what he is obliged to do.  

Gaussian Elimination Method And Gauss Jordan Method Computer Science Essay

Gaussian Elimination Method And Gauss Jordan Method Computer Science Essay Gaussian Elimination is considered as the workhorse of computational science for the solution of a system of the linear equations. In linear algebra,  Gaussian elimination  is an algorithm for the solving systems of the linear equations, and finding the rank of a matrix, and calculating the inverse of an invertible square matrix. Gaussian elimination is named after the German mathematician and the scientist Carl Friedrich Gauss. The method was invented in Europe independently by  Carl Friedrich Gauss  when developing the  method of least squares  in his 1809 publication  Theory of Motion of Heavenly Bodies. Gauss elimination is an exact method which solves a given system of equation in n unknowns by transforming the coefficient matrix, into an upper triangular matrix and the n solve for the unknowns by back substitution. Solving Method: The process of Gaussian elimination has two parts. The first part (Forward Elimination) reduces a given system to either  triangular  or  echelon form, or results in a  degenerate  equation with no solution, indicating the system has no solution. This is done through the use of elementary. The second step uses  back substitution  to find the solution of the system above. the first part reduces a matrix to  row echelon form  using  elementary row operations  while the second reduces it to  reduced row echelon form, or  row canonical form. Initially, for the given system, write row, the sum of the coefficients in each row, in the (n+2) nd column. Perform the same operation on the elements of this column also. Now in the absence of computational errors, at any stage, the row sum element in (n+2)nd row, will be equal to the sum of the of the elements of the corresponding transformed row. Algorithm for Gaussian Elimination:- Transform the columns of the augmented matrix, one at a time, into triangular echelon form. The column presently being transformed is called the  pivot column. Proceed from left to right, letting the pivot column be the first column, then the second column, etc. and finally the last column before the vertical line. For each pivot column, do the following two steps before moving on to the next pivot column: Locate the diagonal element in the pivot column. This element is called the  pivot. The row containing the pivot is called the  pivot row. Divide every element in the pivot row by the pivot (ie. use E.R.O. #1) to get a new pivot row with a 1 in the pivot position. Get a 0 in each position below the pivot position by subtracting a suitable multiple of the pivot row from each of the rows below it (ie. by using E.R.O. #2). Upon completion of this procedure the augmented matrix will be in triangular echelon form and may be solved by back-substitution. Steps Taken in Gauss Elimination Method: Write the augmented matrix for the system of the linear equations. Use elementary row operations on the augmented matrix [A|b] to the transform of  A  into the upper triangular form. If the zero is locate on the diagonal, switch the rows until a nonzero is in that place. If we are unable to do so, stop; the system has either infinite or has no solutions. Use the back substitution going to find the solution of the problem. Systems Of Linear Equations: Gaussian Elimination:- It is quite hard to solve non-linear systems of equations, while linear systems are quite easy to study. There are numerical techniques which help to approximate nonlinear systems with linear ones in the hope that the solutions of the linear systems are close enough to the solutions of the nonlinear systems.   The equation   a x  +  b y  +  c z  +  d w  =  h Where  a,  b,  c,  d, and  h  are known numbers, while  x,  y,  z, and  w  are unknown numbers, is called a  linear equation. If  h  =0, the linear equation is said to be homogeneous. A  linear system  is a set of linear equations and a  homogeneous linear system  is a set of homogeneous linear equations. Example:  Use Gaussian elimination to solve the system of equations: Solution:  Perform this sequence of E.R.O.s on the augmented matrix. Set the pivot column to column 1. Get a 1 in the diagonal position (underlined): Next, get 0s below the pivot (underlined): Now, let pivot column = second column. First, get a 1 in the diagonal position: Next, get a 0 in the position below the pivot: Now, let pivot column = third column. Get a 1 in the diagonal position: This matrix, which is now in triangular echelon form, represents: It is solved by back-substitution. Substituting  z  = 3 from the third equation into the second equation gives  y  = 5, and substituting  z  = 3 and  y  = 5 into the first equation gives x =  7. Thus the complete solution is: {x  = 7,  y  = 5,  z  = 3}. Gauss Jordan Method Gauss-Jordan Elimination is a variant of Gaussian Elimination. Again, we are transforming the coefficient matrix into another matrix that is much easier to solve, and the system represented by the new augmented matrix has the same solution set as the original system of linear equations. In Gauss-Jordan Elimination, the goal is to transform the coefficient matrix into a diagonal matrix, and the zeros are introduced into the matrix one column at a time. We work to eliminate the elements both above and below the diagonal element of a given column in one pass through the matrix. Solving Method Gauss-Jordan Elimination Steps: Write the augmented matrix for the system of linear equations. Use elementary row operations on the augmented matrix [A|b] to transform  A  into diagonal form. If a zero is located on the diagonal, switch the rows until a nonzero is in that place. If you are unable to do so, stop; the system has either infinite or no solutions. By dividing the diagonal element and the right-hand-side element in each row by the diagonal element in that row, make each diagonal element equal to one. When performing calculations by hand, many individuals choose Gauss-Jordan Elimination over Gaussian Elimination because it avoids the need for back substitution. However, we will show later that Gauss-Jordan elimination involves slightly more work than does Gaussian elimination, and thus it is not the method of choice for solving systems of linear equations on a computer. This method can be used to solve systems of linear equations involving two or more variables. However, the system must be changed to an augmented matrix. -This method can also be used to find the inverse of a 22 matrix or larger matrices, 33, 44 etc. Note: The matrix must be a square matrix in order to find its inverse. An Augmented Matrix is used to solve a system of linear equations. a1 x + b1 y + c1z = d1 a2 x + b2 y + c2 z = d2 a3x + b3 y + c3z = d3 System of Equations Æ’Â   Augmented Matrix Æ’Â   a1 b1 c1 d1 a2 b2 c2 d2 a3 b3 c3 d3 When given a system of equations, to write in augmented matrix form, the coefficients of each variable must be taken and put in a matrix. For example, for the following system: 3x + 2y z = 3 x y + 2z = 4 2x + 3y z = 3 3 2 -1 3 Augmented matrix Æ’Â   1 -1 2 4 2 3 -1 3 There are three different operations known as Elementary Row Operations used when solving or reducing a matrix, using Gauss-Jordan elimination method. 1. Interchanging two rows. 2. Add one row to another row, or multiply one row first and then adding it to another. 3. Multiplying a row by any constant greater than zero. Identity Matrix-is the final result obtained when a matrix is reduced. This matrix consists of ones in the diagonal starting with the first number. -The numbers in the last column are the answers to the system of equations. 1 0 0 3 0 1 0 2 ↠Ãƒ ¢Ã… ½Ã‚ ¯Ãƒ ¢Ã… ½Ã‚ ¯Identity Matrix for a 33 0 0 1 5 1 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 0 6 ↠Ãƒ ¢Ã… ½Ã‚ ¯Ãƒ ¢Ã… ½Ã‚ ¯Identity Matrix for a 44 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 4 The pattern continues for bigger matrices. Solving a system using Gauss-Jordan The best way to go is to get the ones first in their respective column, and then using that one to get the zeros in that column. It is very important to understand that there is no exact procedure to follow when using the Gauss-Jordan method to solve for a system. 3x + 2y z = 3 x y + 2z = 4 Write as an augmented matrix. 2x + 3y z = 3

Great Expectations Essay example -- Great Expectations Essays

The Mannequin The novel Great Expectations by Charles Dickens is one of unrequited love and the desperation for elitism for Pip, a poor orphan boy. Pip is starstruck by Estella, the haughty and cruel, even violent, â€Å"daughter† of a rich and eccentric elderly woman named Miss Havisham. Miss Havisham controls and teaches Estella instructions to break the hearts of men as her own personal vendetta against all men after her love for a man is unrequited. Estella has no feelings and even admits that she has â€Å"†¦ not bestowed [her] tenderness anywhere† (251). Despite her cruel attitude and disinterest in him, she serves as the most significant beacon in Pip’s life in attaining his goal of becoming a gentleman and breaking free from his poor and lowly life. With Miss Havisham’s control upon her, Estella’s detached emotionless nature and cold arrogance shine through and show how she pilots Pip’s desperation in attempting to reach her and his change in becoming an arrogant gentleman. Firstly, a recognizable characteristic of Estella is her dispassionate nature. Miss Havisham and Estella are polar opposites. Estella’s â€Å"mother† loves her in an eccentric way, lavishing her with fondness and sweet murmurings of â€Å"[b]reak their hearts, my pride and hope, break their hearts and have no mercy!† (100). Their moods are so â€Å"contradictory of one another,† Pip is left â€Å"puzzled [of] what to say or do† (100). Since they feel opposite emotions and Estella cannot feel love, for she has â€Å"never bestowed†¦ tenderness anywhere,† and coldly rejects Pip’s feelings for her, she may feel absolutely nothing but the desire to hurt (251). After treating Pip so condescendingly when giving him food, she looks at Pip â€Å"with a quick delight in having been the cause of [the... ...use she is common (132). Like him, Biddy has unrequited adoration, but for Pip himself. Through this, Estella’s importance shines and shows how important she is to Pip. Ultimately, the only reason Pip desires to be a gentleman is â€Å"on her account† (136). Pip â€Å"[loves] her against reason†¦ against happiness, [and] against all discouragement,† despite her being heartless and to â€Å"have no heart,† Estella is the most influential person in Pip’s life (246 and 251). Without her superiority and emotional detachment, Pip will not strive in his passionate desperation to attain her. Despite, not having human feelings such as love and compassion, Pip â€Å"[loves] her simply because [he] found her irresistible† and declares passionately to be â€Å"a part of [his] existence†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (245). His bildungsroman is based on his unrequited love for her, for there will no Pip if there is no Estella. Great Expectations Essay example -- Great Expectations Essays The Mannequin The novel Great Expectations by Charles Dickens is one of unrequited love and the desperation for elitism for Pip, a poor orphan boy. Pip is starstruck by Estella, the haughty and cruel, even violent, â€Å"daughter† of a rich and eccentric elderly woman named Miss Havisham. Miss Havisham controls and teaches Estella instructions to break the hearts of men as her own personal vendetta against all men after her love for a man is unrequited. Estella has no feelings and even admits that she has â€Å"†¦ not bestowed [her] tenderness anywhere† (251). Despite her cruel attitude and disinterest in him, she serves as the most significant beacon in Pip’s life in attaining his goal of becoming a gentleman and breaking free from his poor and lowly life. With Miss Havisham’s control upon her, Estella’s detached emotionless nature and cold arrogance shine through and show how she pilots Pip’s desperation in attempting to reach her and his change in becoming an arrogant gentleman. Firstly, a recognizable characteristic of Estella is her dispassionate nature. Miss Havisham and Estella are polar opposites. Estella’s â€Å"mother† loves her in an eccentric way, lavishing her with fondness and sweet murmurings of â€Å"[b]reak their hearts, my pride and hope, break their hearts and have no mercy!† (100). Their moods are so â€Å"contradictory of one another,† Pip is left â€Å"puzzled [of] what to say or do† (100). Since they feel opposite emotions and Estella cannot feel love, for she has â€Å"never bestowed†¦ tenderness anywhere,† and coldly rejects Pip’s feelings for her, she may feel absolutely nothing but the desire to hurt (251). After treating Pip so condescendingly when giving him food, she looks at Pip â€Å"with a quick delight in having been the cause of [the... ...use she is common (132). Like him, Biddy has unrequited adoration, but for Pip himself. Through this, Estella’s importance shines and shows how important she is to Pip. Ultimately, the only reason Pip desires to be a gentleman is â€Å"on her account† (136). Pip â€Å"[loves] her against reason†¦ against happiness, [and] against all discouragement,† despite her being heartless and to â€Å"have no heart,† Estella is the most influential person in Pip’s life (246 and 251). Without her superiority and emotional detachment, Pip will not strive in his passionate desperation to attain her. Despite, not having human feelings such as love and compassion, Pip â€Å"[loves] her simply because [he] found her irresistible† and declares passionately to be â€Å"a part of [his] existence†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (245). His bildungsroman is based on his unrequited love for her, for there will no Pip if there is no Estella.

Of Mice and Men – Why Curley is Intimidating?

In the book, Of Mice and Men, Curley is the antagonist who creates problems for George and Lennie. He is a pugnacious man who is small in stature. Curley has a Napoleonic complex and tries to compensate for his small size by fighting with people who are larger than him. This makes him feel bigger. The reason he is able to intimidate everyone by fighting, is that he has power over everyone. Being the boss’ son he has no fear of punishment and is able to do anything with impunity.He uses his freedom as an advantage, while he can fight someone and not get into any trouble the other person will and will not fight back. Lastly, he has an excuse to fight; Curley is small and if he thinks someone bigger than him is intimidating he can fight them. The main reason Curley is able to intimidate everyone is because he can do anything without the fear of punishment. Curley is the boss’ son and has a high power over the other workers. He is able to pick a fight without the punishment of losing a job.Curley’s freedom is intimating to other people, they know that Curley is able to do anything to them, and with his aggressive personality they are afraid that he could do something very severe. Most people like Curley will bluff and say they would fight, but with Curley the other people know he will do it. This lack of restrictions is a reason to fight more; since there is no punishment he does it more. Curley, with his ability to do anything with impunity will cause great hardship for both Lennie and George.Curley is very intimidating to everyone because he has the advantage of freedom. Not only that he can do anything he wants without a consequence, but the other person cannot do anything back to him. The other people know that even if Curley fights them they cannot fight back in fear of trouble. He can threaten other people by trying to get them fired. For example, George is afraid that Curley will pick a fight on Lennie and when Lennie fights back they wi ll lose their job. Not only are people afraid of losing their jobs, but they are afraid because there are many people on Curley’s side.In the book, Candy says â€Å"S’pose Curley jumps a big guy an’ licks him. Ever’body says what a game guy Curley is. And s’pose he does the same thing and gets licked. Then ever’body says the big guy oughtta pick somebody his own size, and maybe they gang up on the big guy. † This gives him a sense of power, he feels bigger because people are afraid to even throw a punch at him. With Curley around the ranch it will be very hard for George and Lennie to keep their jobs. Curley is intimidating to both George and Lennie, mainly because he finds any excuse to fight with them.Curley always got â€Å"a chip on his shoulder,† he is looking for any excuse to engage in a conflict. For example, when he sees Lennie, he gets mad at wants to fight. He uses Lennie’s large build as a reason to â€Å"sc rap†. Even George wonders, â€Å"What the hell’s he got on his shoulder? Lennie didn’t do nothing to him.† It turns out Curley just thinks Lennie is intimidating. George is also afraid that Curley’s wife will create problems. George has to guard Lennie from her or Curley could use her as an excuse to fight with him, even though Curley’s wife is a flirtatious woman.Curley can create many excuses and all of them are valid because of his high power. All the reasons that Curley is able to intimidate people with, are tied in with power. With power comes impunity, and being the boss’ son gives him the freedom to do anything without consequence. Since people are afraid to start a conflict with him, because of fear of punishment, Curley feels a sense of power over other people. Lastly all the excuses Curly makes are valid because of his power. Curley uses his authority in a way that intimidates everyone.